Leveraging and extending mobile operating system MDM protocol

ABSTRACT

In various embodiments, a device may include a communications interface configured to receive, from the device management server, an indication to perform an action that requires access to a privileged user space. The device may include a processor configured to use a bridge service to perform the action, where the bridge service runs in a security context that enables the service to operate in the privileged user space. In various embodiments, a server may include a communications interface and a processor. The processor may be configured to receive an indication to perform a management action not within a native device management functionality. The processor may be further configured to invoke a bridge service running on the managed device to perform the action by sending a request via the communications interface, where the bridge service runs in a security context that enables the service to operate in the privileged user space.

CROSS REFERENCE TO OTHER APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/351,430 entitled LEVERAGING AND EXTENDING MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMMDM PROTOCOL filed Jun. 17, 2016 which is incorporated herein byreference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An enterprise may manage company-owned devices, employees' devices,and/or other devices using mobile device management (MDM) functionalityprovided on mobile operating systems. For example, an MDM agent and/orprotocol of the operating system may allow an enterprise administratorto perform management functions with respect to the device. Theenterprise administrator may want to perform management functions beyondthose provided by a native MDM of the operating system. However,currently, some mobile operating systems only support non-customizablenative MDM agents and do not allow or support third party MDM agents.These mobile operating systems typically do not provide customized MDMfunctions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the followingdetailed description and the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system toprovide customized MDM management.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a deviceconfigured to host an MDM bridge service.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a systemconfigured to leverage and extend a mobile operating system MDMprotocol.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process toinstall an MDM bridge service.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process in whicha bridge service and a native device manager provide device management.

FIG. 6A is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a userinterface of a MDM bridge service for installing applications.

FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a userinterface of a MDM bridge service for installing applications.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process touninstall an application from a device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as aprocess; an apparatus; a system; a composition of matter; a computerprogram product embodied on a computer readable storage medium; and/or aprocessor, such as a processor configured to execute instructions storedon and/or provided by a memory coupled to the processor. In thisspecification, these implementations, or any other form that theinvention may take, may be referred to as techniques. In general, theorder of the steps of disclosed processes may be altered within thescope of the invention. Unless stated otherwise, a component such as aprocessor or a memory described as being configured to perform a taskmay be implemented as a general component that is temporarily configuredto perform the task at a given time or a specific component that ismanufactured to perform the task. As used herein, the term ‘processor’refers to one or more devices, circuits, and/or processing coresconfigured to process data, such as computer program instructions.

A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the invention isprovided below along with accompanying figures that illustrate theprinciples of the invention. The invention is described in connectionwith such embodiments, but the invention is not limited to anyembodiment. The scope of the invention is limited only by the claims andthe invention encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications andequivalents. Numerous specific details are set forth in the followingdescription in order to provide a thorough understanding of theinvention. These details are provided for the purpose of example and theinvention may be practiced according to the claims without some or allof these specific details. For the purpose of clarity, technicalmaterial that is known in the technical fields related to the inventionhas not been described in detail so that the invention is notunnecessarily obscured.

Leveraging and extending a mobile operating system MDM protocol isdisclosed. In various embodiments, a system includes a device and adevice management (MDM) server. The device may include a communicationsinterface configured to receive, from the device management server, anindication to perform an action that requires access to a privilegeduser space of the device. The device may include a processor configuredto use a bridge service to perform the action, wherein the bridgeservice runs in a security context that enables the service to operatein the privileged user space. The server may include a communicationsinterface and a processor coupled to the communications interface. Theprocessor may be configured to receive, via an administrative userinterface, an indication to perform with respect to a managed device, amanagement action not within a native device management functionality ofthe managed device. The processor may be further configured to invoke abridge service running on the managed device to perform the action bysending a request via the communications interface, where the bridgeservice runs in a security context that enables the service to operatein the privileged user space.

The techniques disclosed herein may provide an alternative to thetypical approaches that install (i) a third party MDM managementapplication or (ii) a native MDM with pre-defined and non-customizablefunctions. Using the approaches disclosed herein, MDM serviceadministrators are able to perform management functions beyond thoseprovided by a native MDM agent without needing to install a third-partyMDM management application. In addition a seamless user experience isprovided for an administrator by automatically selecting between anative MDM agent and an MDM bridge service to perform a desired task inresponse to an administrator's request.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system toprovide customized MDM management. The system includes a devicemanagement server 110, a managed device 120, an administrator userinterface 130, an enterprise service 140, and a security proxy 150. Inone aspect, the system of FIG. 1 provides customized MDM management ofmanaged device 120 by device management server 110 by leveraging andextending a native MDM protocol.

The device management server 110 provides management functionality withrespect to one or more devices such as managed device 120. In theexample shown, the device management server provides to device 120secure access to enterprise back end applications and services 140. Thedevice management server may be configured to configure the device 120to be managed by the device management server and associated elements,such as security proxy 150. The device management server may beconfigured to establish MDM control over device 120 via an MDM bridgeservice, such as by causing an MDM bridge service to be installed on thedevice control at least part of the functionality of the device. Forexample, the device management server may determine which command tosend to a native MDM and which commands to send to the MDM bridgeservice. The native MDM and MDM bridge service carry out respectcommands to control the functionality of the device. The devicemanagement server may be implemented by a mobile device management (MDM)server, an enterprise mobile management server (EMM), or the like.

The managed device 120 is a device that can be used to access enterpriseservice 140 via security proxy 150. By way of non-limiting example, themanaged device may be implemented by a physical device such as a smartphone, tablet, laptop, and/or smart wearable. In various embodiments,the device includes an MDM agent and/or an MDM bridge service. The MDMagent may include one or both of a native MDM client and/orfunctionality of a mobile operating system (e.g., iOS®, Android®) of thedevice 120. The MDM bridge service may be configured to providecustomized MDM functionalities and may be provided by a third partymobility management provider, such as Mobile Iron, Inc.® Examples of amanaged device is further described herein with respect to FIGS. 2 and3.

The administrator user interface 130 enables an administrator to controlthe device management server. For example, an administrator may specifydesired management functionalities and receive access analytics via theuser interface 130. Techniques described herein allow the administratorto use the user interface to perform customized managementfunctionalities. For example, an action specified by the administratorvia the user interface may be automatically carried out by a native MDMagent and/or an MDM bridge service. In various embodiments, theadministrator can specify a range of actions to be performed by thenative MDM agent and/or the MDM bridge service in a unified userinterface. In response, the native MDM agent and/or the MDM bridgeservice is automatically selected to perform the action requested by theadministrator. The administrator need not select between a native MDMand an MDM bridge service. Instead, an administrator specifies an actionand the component to perform the action (native MDM or MDM bridgeservice) is automatically selected.

The enterprise service 140 includes enterprise back end content. Theenterprise service 140 may include applications and services such asfiles, documents, email, calendar, contacts, and the like. Theenterprise service may include cloud-based enterprise storage andapplications. Access to the enterprise service may be managed by thedevice management server 110 and the security proxy 150. For example,some devices may have access to certain portions of the enterpriseservice but not other portions as defined by the device's permissionlevels.

The security proxy 150 is configured to perform security andauthentication procedures to secure communications between the device120 and the enterprise service 140. The security proxy can beimplemented by a gateway that manages, encrypts, and secures trafficbetween the device and back-end enterprise services. For example, thedevice management server 110 may provide a trusted certificate (e.g.,SSL) via the security proxy to authenticate the managed device 120 withthe device management server. Components of the device 120 such as anMDM bridge service may communicate with the enterprise service via thesecurity proxy using typical communication protocols.

In operation, a user of the managed device 120 obtains secure access toenterprise backend applications and services 140 as follows. A user ofthe device 120 may enroll a device by logging in at device 120 using amanagement agent (e.g., a native MDM agent configured by devicemanagement server 110, etc.). As part of the enrollment process, an MDMbridge service may be installed on the managed device. Device managementserver 110 uses configuration, device profile, user profile, and/orpolicy information in a device management database (not shown) to managedevice 120 and provide secure access to enterprise back end applicationsand services 140. In various embodiments, the MDM bridge service isconfigured to modify components of the device in accordance with themanagement policies. The MDM bridge service may act alone or inconjunction with a native MDM agent. The device management server 110may provide separate instructions to the MDM bridge service and thenative MDM agent in response to requests made by each of the MDM bridgeservice and the native MDM agent.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a device 200configured to host an MDM bridge service. In various embodiments, app(s)222 are brought under management by a management server such asmanagement server 120 of FIG. 1. In various embodiments, the native MDM252 is provided in an operating system 250 of the device. The operatingsystem 250 includes system software that supports device hardware andprovides common services for applications and programs such asapplications 222. In the example shown, the operating system includes anative MDM 252.

In one aspect, the system of FIG. 2 provides customized MDM managementof device 200 by device management server (e.g., management server 110of FIG. 1) by leveraging and extending a native MDM protocol 252 toprovide customized functions in addition to default functions of thenative MDM protocol. For example, the native MDM protocol 252 isextended by installing an MDM bridge service 254.

The native MDM 252 may be configured to deploy, configure, maintain, andsupport software and hardware components on the device. The native MDMmay be implemented by an agent that performs pre-defined managementfunctionalities. In some embodiments, the functionalities of the nativeMDM functions are shipped with the device and not customizable. Invarious embodiments, the native MDM responds to requests by a managementserver (e.g., management server 110 of FIG. 1) for device informationsuch as address/network location, installed applications, informationabout the device's hardware, blacklisting or whitelisting third partyapplications, etc. The native MDM may be configured to control thedevice's hardware and software such as defining a password policy,encryption, remote wipe, and controlling the device's hardware such ascamera, microphone, and/or applications such a Web browser.

The MDM bridge service 254 may be configured to perform functionsinstructed by an associated management server such as management server110 of FIG. 1. Unlike the native MDM, the MDM bridge service (alsoreferred to as a “bridge service”) can be more flexible and performfunctions defined by a system administrator such as functions definedvia administrator user interface 130 of FIG. 1. In one aspect, the MDMbridge service can perform various commands on components of device suchas controlling or instructing applications, installing scripts,modifying a registry, modifying a file system, etc. as further describedhere. In another aspect, the MDM bridge service may be configured toexecute any OS-level command, modify the OS or application behavior viaregistry modification, and/or manipulate any file. For example, the MDMbridge service may run as a system account, e.g., run in the backgroundas system.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a systemconfigured to leverage and extend a mobile operating system MDMprotocol. The system includes a device management server 310 and adevice 320. The device management server 310 provides managementfunctionality with respect to one or more devices, such as device 320.An example of device management server 310 is device management server110 of FIG. 1. The device 320 provides access to enterprise services anddata. An example of device 320 is device 200 of FIG. 2.

In this example, device 320 includes a registry 334, a file system 336,and one or more APIs 338. The registry 334 stores configurationinformation for the device's system components such as softwareapplications and hardware components associated with the device. In someplatforms, the registry is not capable of being edited. The file system336 organizes and defines how data is stored and retrieved on thedevice. The API(s) 338 provide an interface for applications, e.g.,abstracting underlying implementation while providing actions andobjects in response to external queries. The API(s) may bring external(e.g., third party or enterprise) scripts 332 or executables 322 forinstallation on the device. The script(s) 332 may be defined by anadministrator to customize behavior of an end-point. For example, thescripts 332 may include PowerShell scripts that define task automationand configuration for local and remote Windows® systems. Theexecutable(s) 322 may include third party executables and enterpriseexecutables that can be brought to and/or run on the device. Thescript(s), registry, file system, API(s), and executable(s) may beprovided in a privileged user space 330, which represents an areaaccessible by a particular user and not by other users.

In this example, device 320 includes one or more applications 342, oneor more configuration specifications 344, and one or more policyspecifications 346. An example of application(s) 342 is application 222of FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the MDM bridge service is configured toinstall, uninstall, and/or modify applications 342 on device 320. Anexample of application installation is shown in FIGS. 6A-6D. Theconfiguration specification(s) 344 define configuration space of device320. The policy specification(s) 346 define operational rules andprocedures for device 320. Although shown separately, the configurationspecifications 344 and policy specifications 346 may be combined.

In this example, the device includes a native mobile device manager 350and a mobile device management bridge service 360. An example of anative MDM is native MDM protocol 252 of FIG. 2. An example of the MDMbridge service 360 is MDM bridge service 254 of FIG. 2. The native MDM350 and MDM bridge service 360 may each be communicatively coupled todevice management server 310. In various embodiments, device managementserver 310 may instruct native MDM 350 and/or MDM bridge service 360 toexecute a function. In various embodiments, native MDM 350 and MDMbridge service 360 may be communicatively coupled.

In various embodiments, MDM bridge service 360 provides granular controlover permissions to access operating system components. In someembodiments, the MDM bridge service is configured to provide access tooperating system components based on pre-defined permissions. Forexample, the device management server is configured to define what theMDM bridge service is permitted to provide to a particular user oradministrator user. Suppose that the number of administrators able tosee encryption keys is limited. To implement this security feature, thedevice management server instructs the MDM bridge service to provide alimited number of encryption keys to administrators. Upon meeting thepre-defined limit, the device management server instructs the MDM bridgeservice to stop providing additional encryption keys. As anotherexample, the device management server instructs the MDM bridge serviceto provide encryption keys only to particular administrators.

In some embodiments, the MDM bridge service 360 is configured to installor execute script(s) 332. For example, the MDM bridge service installs,executes, or modifies PowerShell scripts to define task automation andconfiguration for local and remote Windows® systems. The MDM bridgeservice may facilitate installation of a script on the device. Amongother things, a script may be configured to modify system filesincluding other scripts. In some instances, this enables customizationand performance of desired functions at a finer granularity comparedwith systems that do not have an MDM bridge service. In variousembodiments, the script(s) may be obtained via an API 338 or OS utility.

In some embodiments, the MDM bridge service 360 is configured to manageregistry 334. For example, the MDM bridge service is configured to addand/or remove registry keys. By adding or removing registry keys, theMDM bridge service accesses and/or modifies low-level settings for theoperating system and for applications. Unlike systems that only havenative MDM functionality with a pre-defined set of capabilities, the MDMbridge service enables an administrator to customize the operatingsystem and/or applications as desired. In one aspect, this allowsmodification of aspects (e.g., objects) of the operating system that arenot accessible by a native MDM agent.

In some embodiments, the MDM bridge service 360 is configured to managefile system 336. For example, the MDM bridge service reads from the filesystem, writes to the file system, and/or checks for the existence of afile in the file system. In one aspect, the MDM bridge service canmodify various files in the file system. In another aspect, the MDMbridge service can provide access to various files in the file system.For example, the MDM bridge service can distribute a third party licensefile, download a third party log file, etc.

In some embodiments, the MDM bridge service 360 is call and/or executeAPI(s) 338 or utilities. For example, the MDM bridge service accesses ascript, executable, or application using its corresponding API toinstruct the script, executable, or application to perform desiredactions. The MDM bridge service may be configured to bring external(e.g., third party or enterprise) executables and/or scripts to thedevice and install the executables or scripts on the device.

In some embodiments, the MDM bridge service 360 is configured to executeexecutable(s) 322. For example, the MDM bridge service, brings (e.g.,loads) new executables into the device and runs the executables. In someinstances, an executable may be called from a script such as script(s)332. In some instances, the MDM bridge service can load and run anexecutable without using a script.

In operation, the MDM bridge service 360 may be deployed to an end-point(here, the device 320) by management server 310. An example process ofinstalling the MDM bridge service is further described herein withrespect to FIG. 4. In various embodiments, after installation, the MDMbridge service automatically starts and continues executing in thebackground. The MDM bridge service may be configured to communicate withmanagement server 310 using a protocol such as HTTP GET/POST. The MDMbridge service may be authenticated by certificate authentication. Forexample, at the time the MDM bridge service is installed on the OS,system certificate configurations and local computer certificate keystores may be updated to subsequently authenticate the MDM bridgeservice.

In various embodiments, the MDM bridge service 360 is implemented by anAPI such as a Win32 component that runs in the background as a Windows®service. In various embodiments, the MDM bridge service is headless(does not have an UI), is transparent to the user, and runs in thebackground. This security feature may prevent a local administrator frommodifying the bridge service because the service is running in thebackground. In some embodiments, the MDM bridge service is packaged intoan installer such as an MSI installer.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process toinstall an MDM bridge service. In various embodiments, the process ofFIG. 4 may be performed by a device management server such as devicemanagement server 310 with respect to a device such as device 320 ofFIG. 3.

In the example shown, a request to enroll is received (402). In variousembodiments, the request to enroll is made by a device to a devicemanagement server. The request to enroll begins a process of enrolling adevice with the device management server to enable the device to accesscorporate resources (such as enterprise service 140 of FIG. 1). Theenrollment may be carried out using the native MDM of the operatingsystem.

In response to the request to enroll, an MDM bridge service is activatedon the device (404). In various embodiments, the MDM bridge service isprovisioned through a native MDM. For example, the native MDM may beshipped with a device. As part of an enrollment process, the MDM ridgeservice may be activated to perform the processes further describedherein. In various embodiments, the MDM bridge service is installed onthe device with a pre-determined level of privilege to access and/ormodify components of the operating system of the device. In someembodiments, the MDM bridge service is automatically activated accordingto typical MDM enrollment procedures. In some embodiments, the MDMbridge service is provided as an MSI package for installation on thedevice. In some embodiments, the MDM bridge service is silentlyinstalled with one or more other apps such that a user is unaware thatthe MDM bridge service has been installed.

In various embodiments, the MDM bridge service is configured tocommunicate with other system components securely. The MDM bridgeservice may be installed by extending a native MDM protocol of the OS.For example, the MDM bridge service may be configured to have one ormore functions of the native MDM protocol without having one or morelimitations of the native MDM protocol. This may allow an administratorto execute any command that the OS is capable of via file manipulations,registry modifications, script executions, and the like. In someembodiments, the MDM bridge service is configured to modify systemcomponents. For example, the MDM bridge service may be configured withlocal environment variables and to handle various script file extensionsincluding PowerShell, registry, executables, etc.

Upon enrollment, the MDM bridge service and/or the native MDM are usedto provision and configure functions (406). In some embodiments, a usergives the MDM bridge service administrator privileges. The MDM bridgeservice can periodically check with the device management server to seeif there are any outstanding functions to perform. If there areoutstanding functions, the MDM bridge service proceeds to execute thosefunctions. In various embodiments, the status or result of the executionof the function is reported asynchronously back to the device managementserver. This may conserve processing power because data transfer may beperformed in batches. An example of 406 is process 500 of FIG. 5.

In some embodiments, the MDM bridge service and the management servercommunicate in response to a trigger. For example, communications areinitiated when a connection using an MDM protocol is detected or a pushnotification instructing a device (hosting the MDM bridge service) toconnect at a particular time. In some embodiments, the MDM bridgeservice and the management server communicate periodically. For example,communications occur every few hours.

In various embodiments, the MDM bridge service is configured tocommunicate with the device management server without having its ownindependent timer or listener. For example, the MDM bridge serviceobserves messages passed between a native MDM protocol to an eventviewer (such as a Windows 10® Event Log) and detects the start of theMDM communication. The MDM bridge service then synchronizes itscommunications with those of the native MDM protocol such that changesand/or commands made by the administrator can be executed at the sametime, regardless of whether the changes and/or commands were initiatedby the native MDM protocol or the MDM bridge service.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process 500 inwhich a bridge service and a native device manager provide devicemanagement. In various embodiments, the process of FIG. 5 may beperformed by and/or with respect to a device management server, such asdevice management server 310 of FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is an example of 406 ofFIG. 4.

In the example shown, a request to perform an action at an UI isreceived (502). In some embodiments, the request may be an action thatis capable of being performed by a native MDM. In other embodiments, therequest may be an action that is not capable of being performed by anative MDM. In various embodiments, a request may include severalactions, some of which are capable of being performed by the native MDMand some of which are not capable of being performed by the native MDM.The requested action may include modification of device components,including components provided in a privileged user space such asscripts, registry, and file system. Examples of privilege user spaceelements are shown in FIG. 3.

It is determined whether the request corresponds to the native MDM(504). For example, the process may determine whether the native MDM isconfigured to perform an action corresponding to the request. As furtherdescribed herein, the native MDM may be configured to perform onlypredefined functions shipped with the device.

If a request corresponds to the native MDM, then the native MDM isinvoked (508). Otherwise, if the request does not correspond with thenative MDM, then an MDM bridge service is used (506). In variousembodiments, the MDM bridge service may be configured to perform customactions including manipulation of components of a privileged user spacesuch as scripts, registry, and file system.

Functions that can be performed by the MDM bridge service includecontrolling a file system, registry, script, configuration and/or policyspecification, installing an application, uninstalling an application,executing an application, and other functions that a native MDM serviceis typically unable to fully perform. More specifically, the MDM bridgeservice may be configured to provision a software license for a thirdparty product, retrieve a log file (e.g., to allow for remotetroubleshooting), install applications that are not distributed via MSIpackage, activate a third party product, change a machine name, change adevice UI appearance such as desktop background or screensaver, changethe default browser or modify browser settings such as adding bookmarks,add shortcuts to web clips to the desktop or start menu, install orupdate a hardware driver, and/or other functions.

In addition, administrative functions that can be performed by the MDMbridge service includes deploying software to an operating system (e.g.,O365 suite to Windows 10® or legacy software that is not provided via aninstaller), deploying any portable executable software to an operatingsystem without having to install the software, creating shortcuts for anexecutable or webpage such as deploying web clips, and creating a localuser remotely and assigning rights to the user.

In addition, functions that can be performed by the MDM bridge serviceincludes checking whether a registry entry is present, reading aregistry value, creating or updating a registry key or registry value,checking whether a file path is present, reading content of a file,creating or updating a file or content of the file, and installing anexecutable file onto the endpoint device. An example of installing anapplication is shown in FIGS. 6A-6D.

In one aspect, process 500 enables a unified administrator userinterface to be presented. That is, a single administrator userinterface (e.g., admin user interface 130 of FIG. 1) may control both anative MDM and an MDM bridge service, where selection between the nativeMDM and MDM bridge service to perform a particular function is opaque tothe administrator. A unified administrator user interface operates byselectively invoking the MDM bridge service or the native MDM based on arequested action, while appearing to be a single seamless user interfaceto the administrator. For example, whether an action is executed by anative MDM or an MDM bridge service is transparent to the administrator.That is, a first task may be performed by the native MDM protocol andcommunicated to the device via a first communication channel and asecond task may be performed by the MDM bridge service and communicatedto the device via a second communication channel.

FIG. 6A is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a userinterface of a MDM bridge service for installing applications. FIG. 6Bis a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a user interface of aMDM bridge service for installing applications.

The user interfaces shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B may be rendered by a deviceon a display. The user interfaces may be provided as part of anadministrator user interface such as admin user interface 130 of FIG. 1.For example, the user interfaces may be used by an administrator of adevice management server 100 to configure applications for distributionto managed device 120. That is, the administrator may indicate, via theuser interfaces shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, how an application isdistributed and/or installed on managed devices. The application may bedistributed to a management device according to parameters selected byan administrator and installed by an MDM bridge service such as MDMbridge service 254 of FIG. 2 or MDM bridge service 360 of FIG. 3 on arespective managed device.

In FIG. 6A, an application is selected for distribution. A user mayupload an application via the user interface shown in FIG. 6A. A filecontaining executable code to install the application may be stored onthe device and indicating (e.g., link or upload) the file 602 via theinterface of FIG. 6A initiates an installation process. In this example,the file is an application developed in-house in the form of anexecutable file named “WinSCP-5.9.1-Setup.exe”. Other types ofinstallers are also possible. As shown, apps that can be installed maybe categorized by the platform they are compatible with or app storethey are offered in, e.g., App Store 1, App Store 2, App Store 3,Enterprise App Store (e.g., in-house apps), and App Store 4. Examples ofapp stores include iTunes®, Google Play®, Windows®, and other Webapplications. In response to uploading of the application file, the userinterface shown in FIG. 6B may be rendered.

In FIG. 6B, a user may enter additional configuration options/parametersfor the application. For example, the user may indicate a URL from whichto download the application, command line parameters, a targetdirectory, uninstall command line parameters, application uninstall filelocations, and the like. Here, the command line parameter 604 is “/VERYSILENT,” which means that the application may be installed silently on adevice without prompting a user of the device at the beginning of setupof the application. Additional information about command line parametersmay be displayed on the user interface. Example descriptions of commandline parameters include a description of /SILENT and /VERYSILENT.

In contrast to typical techniques that are able to install only softwarein the form of MSI packages, the techniques disclosed herein are able toaccommodate the deployment of software regardless of packaging. Forexample, an administrator need not provide downloadable software as anMSI package and instead is able to provide downloadable software in anyformat.

In various embodiments, at the time an application is installed, anadministrator may be prompted to associate an uninstall script with theapplication. The uninstall script may be used in the future when theapplication is uninstalled to remove all data associated with anapplication from a device. An uninstallation script may remove and/ormodify of specific resources in response to a trigger such as request touninstall an application. Information about uninstallation such as filelocation where an uninstall script is located and uninstall command lineparameters may be provided to or displayed on the user interface.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process 700 touninstall an application from a device. In various embodiments, process700 allows an administrator to perform a clean uninstall of allapplications instead of needing to remove each application one by one.In various embodiments, process 700 may be performed by a device using anative MDM and/or an MDM bridge service such as device 320. Depending onthe application, a native MDM or an MDM bridge service may be invoked tofacilitate installation or uninstallation of the application. Thedetermination of whether a native MDM is used or an MDM bridge serviceis used may be by a process such as process 500 of FIG. 5. In variousembodiments, process 700 may be performed by a device management serversuch as device management server 310 with respect to a device such asdevice 320 of FIG. 3.

A request to uninstall one or more applications is received (702). Therequest may be made by an administrator who selects an application to beuninstalled from all devices being used by company employees. Therequest may be made when a device is retired. In various embodiments,when a device is retired, some or all of the applications areuninstalled as follows.

A list of applications is determined (704). In various embodiments, alist of uninstall scripts is maintained and associated withapplications. In some instances, when a device is retired, a list of allapplication on the device is determined. When a device is retired, eachof the uninstall scripts on the list is performed to uninstall all ofthe applications associated with the scripts on the list. In variousembodiments, the list of uninstall scripts is maintained by the MDMbridge service. For example, uninstall parameters such as scriptlocation and argument may be stored by a server. The server may pass theuninstall parameters to the MDM bridge service for uninstallation.

Associated scripts for application in the list of applications aredetermined (706). For example, an uninstall script that was associatedwith an application at install time may be looked up. In variousembodiments, an application might not have an associated script. If anapplication does not have an associated uninstall script, theapplication may be uninstalled according to default procedures.

Uninstall scripts associated with applications in the list ofapplications are executed (708). In various embodiments, when anapplication is uninstalled, an associated uninstall script is executedto remove the application and all associated data from a device.

Various functions including encryption, installation of drivers, typicalIT tasks to set up a new employee device, etc. can be invoked orinitiated by the MDM bridge service. The MDM bridge service provides away for a script intended to be executed on a device to be deployed withadequate privileges to carry out desired functions. A script can bedisseminated to devices via a user interface such as the administrativeuser interface 130 of FIG. 1. An administrator user may designate thescript to be propagated to a particular device or group of devices viathe user interface. In response to this command, the MDM bridge servicemay deploy the scripts to the designated device(s), where they areexecuted by the devices.

In various embodiments, a new bridge setting may be configured byindicating a corresponding MDM bridge script (e.g., install shortcutsPowerShell script) and a corresponding uninstall script (e.g., uninstallshortcuts PowerShell script). Examples of bridge scripts include scriptsto diagnose system problems, generate an MDM report, generate aninventory of hardware, generate an inventory of software, provide systeminformation and state, execute a shortcut by running an associated psscript, import registry data, provide browsing history, install variousdrivers (e.g., printer drivers), and the like.

In contrast to typical techniques that are able to perform variablesubstitution only for a native MDM side of an operating system, thetechniques disclosed here are able to perform variable substitution fornon-native MDM portions of the operating system as well. In someembodiments, attributes are imported from collected MDM information(e.g., a profile) or from lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP)for a user and populated in code, scripts, or applications. In variousembodiments, the LDAP is a protocol for accessing and maintainingdistributed directory information services over an IP network. Variablesubstitution can be used to create scripts, registry files, and convertcommand line to executables. For example, apps may be pre-populated witha user's name by substituting each appearance of $user with a user'sname, where the user's name is obtained from a setting of the device.

Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detailfor purposes of clarity of understanding, the invention is not limitedto the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementingthe invention. The disclosed embodiments are illustrative and notrestrictive.

What is claimed is:
 1. A physical device comprising: a communicationsinterface configured to receive, from a device management server, anindication to perform an action that requires access to a privilegeduser space of the physical device; and a processor configured to: use anative device management service, wherein the native device managementservice is configured to perform only predefined functions withoutaccess to the privileged user space; and use a mobile device management(MDM) bridge service to perform the action, wherein the MDM bridgeservice runs in a security context that enables the service to operatein the privileged user space.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the MDMbridge service runs in a background on the device.
 3. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the MDM bridge service is configured to respond tocommands from the device management server.
 4. The device of claim 1,wherein: the MDM bridge service is configured to periodically check withthe device management server for outstanding actions to perform; and astatus of an execution of outstanding actions is reported asynchronouslyto the device management server.
 5. The device of claim 4, wherein theMDM bridge service is configured to: detect a session between a nativedevice management service and the device management server; and initiatea session of the MDM bridge service in response to the detected sessionbetween the native device management service and the device managementserver.
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor is furtherconfigured to: send a request to register the device; receive, inresponse to the request, an installer for the MDM bridge service; andautomatically install the MDM bridge service.
 7. The device of claim 6,wherein the installer is one of an MSI installer and a Win 32 installer.8. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured toperform functions selected by a user of the device.
 9. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the MDM bridge service is configured to control a filesystem of the device.
 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the MDM bridgeservice is configured to control a registry of the device.
 11. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the MDM bridge service is configured toexecute a script on the device.
 12. The device of claim 1, wherein theMDM bridge service is configured to control at least one of aconfiguration specification and a policy specification.
 13. The deviceof claim 1, wherein the MDM bridge service is configured to install anapplication including associating the application with an uninstallscript configured to automatically remove the application and allassociated data when the application is uninstalled.
 14. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the MDM bridge service is configured to provide apredefined number of encryption keys.
 15. The device of claim 1, whereincommunications between the MDM bridge service and the device managementserver are authenticated.
 16. The device of claim 1, wherein the MDMbridge service is headless.
 17. The device of claim 1, wherein theprivileged user space includes at least one of: a registry, a filesystem, and scripts.
 18. A method comprising: receiving, from a devicemanagement server, an indication to perform an action that requiresaccess to a privileged user space of a physical device; using a nativedevice management service, wherein the native device management serviceis configured to perform only predefined functions without access to theprivileged user space; and using a mobile device management (MDM) bridgeservice to perform the action, wherein the MDM bridge service runs in asecurity context that enables the service to operate in the privilegeduser space.
 19. A computer program product embodied in a non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium and comprising computer instructionsfor: receiving, from a device management server, an indication toperform an action that requires access to a privileged user space of aphysical device; using a native device management service, wherein thenative device management service is configured to perform onlypredefined functions without access to the privileged user space; andusing a mobile device management (MDM) bridge service to perform theaction, wherein the MDM bridge service runs in a security context thatenables the service to operate in the privileged user space.
 20. Aserver comprising: a communications interface; a processor coupled tothe communications interface, the processor configured to: receive, viaan administrative user interface, an indication to perform with respectto a managed physical device, a management action not within a nativedevice management functionality of the managed physical device; andinvoke a mobile device management (MDM) bridge service running on themanaged device to perform the action by sending a request via thecommunications interface, wherein the MDM bridge service runs in asecurity context that enables the service to operate in a privilegeduser space.
 21. The server of claim 20, wherein: the administrative userinterface exposes a set of management actions, wherein some of themanagement actions are native and some of the management actions are notnative.
 22. The server of claim 20, wherein the bridge service isinvoked based on a determination that the MDM bridge service is to beused and the native device management functionality is used based on adetermination that the MDM bridge service is not to be used.